Interpreting the Constitution (Strict vs. Loose);...

When the Federalist party was organized in 1791, those people who favored a strong central government and a loose constitutional interpretation coagulated and followed the ideals of men such as Alexander Hamilton. The first opposition political party in the United States was the Republican party, which held power, nationally, between 1801 and 1825. Those who were in favor of states rights and a strict construction of the constitution fell under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson. These Jeffersonian republicans, also known as anti-federalists, believed in strict adherence to the writings of the constitution. They wanted states rights and individual rights, which they believed could only be granted under strict construction of the†¦show more content†¦The acquisition of the Louisiana territory in 1803 was the most notable achievement of his presidency, yet there inconsistency between his actions and his beliefs. Because the acquisition of this territory would change the unio n, it seemed to him that it should be authorized by a constitutional amendment. The process of amendment was very slow and Jefferson realized that there was no time for strict constructionalism. This purchase violated his constitutional morals and was regarded as a bold, executive action (Peterson, 1975). The popularity that Thomas Jefferson held during his first term as president, quickly changed during his second term in office. Jeffersons second term was less a triumph than an ordeal. His major disappointment had its origins in Europe and because of the Napoleonic Wars, the naval blockades in the Atlantic and Caribbean severely curtailed American trade and pressured the United States government to take sides. Jeffersons response to all this was the passing of the Embargo Act in 1807, which virtually closed American Ports to all foreign imports and exports. The enforcement of the Embargo act required the use of exactly those coercive powers by the federal government that Jefferson has been opposing all along (a strong central government). In the enforcement of this embargo, the government was infringing on the liberties of individuals which was inconsistent with Jeffersons principles (Ellis, 1996).

Are parents to stick on their kids Free Essays

Today I am here to share with you about the loss of my beloved daughter, Juliet. As a father myself, I will be sharing the many mistakes I have made while raising Juliet, hoping you will be able to learn from my past experiences and not make the same mistakes I have already made. One of the biggest mistakes I made as a father is not giving Juliet the freedom she deserved. We will write a custom essay sample on Are parents to stick on their kids? or any similar topic only for you Order Now As parents, we want the best for our children as we want to ensure their safety. However, we tend to forget that they’re growing up and we take away their hoicks and rights as we think we know what’s best for them. An example of this would be when I threatened Juliet with eviction and portended to disown her if she didn’t marry Paris that I would kick her out and disown her if she didn’t get married to Paris. This was a very unreasonable and harsh decision I made, as I will regret this for the rest of my life as it will lead her to rebel and do things behind my back. If I had Just given her the freedom she deserved, things may not have ended up the way It has. One of the biggest mistakes I made as a father Is not giving Juliet the freedom she didn’t marry Pans that I would kick her out and disown her if she didn’t get married it has. Didn’t marry Paris that I would kick her out and disown her if she didn’t get married it has. Greetings to all. As you might be familiar already, I am Lord Caplet. Today I am here to share with you about the loss of my beloved daughter, Juliet. As a father myself, I will be sharing the many mistakes I have made while raising Juliet, hoping you will be able to learn from my past experiences and not make the same mistakes I have already made. How to cite Are parents to stick on their kids?, Papers

Test back security free essay sample

Why Security is Needed TRUE/FALSE 1. Information security’s primary mission is to ensure that systems and their contents retain their confidentiality at all costs. ANS:FPTS:1 2. Information security safeguards the technology assets in use at the organization. ANS:TPTS:1 3. A firewall is a mechanism that keeps certain kinds of network traffic out of a private network. ANS:TPTS:1 4. An act of theft performed by a hacker falls into the category of â€Å"theft,† but is also often accompanied by defacement actions to delay discovery and thus may also be placed within the category of â€Å"forces of nature. ANS:FPTS:1 5. Two watchdog organizations that investigate allegations of software abuse: SIIA and NSA. ANS:FPTS:1 6. A number of technical mechanisms—digital watermarks and embedded code, copyright codes, and even the intentional placement of bad sectors on software media—have been used to enforce copyright laws. ANS:TPTS:1 7. A worm requires that another pr ogram is running before it can begin functioning. We will write a custom essay sample on Test back security or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ANS:FPTS:1 8. A worm can deposit copies of itself onto all Web servers that the infected system can reach, so that users who subsequently visit those sites become infected. ANS:TPTS:1 9. Attacks conducted by scripts are usually unpredictable. ANS:FPTS:1 10. Expert hackers are extremely talented individuals who usually devote lots of time and energy to attempting to break into other people’s information systems. ANS:TPTS:1 11. With the removal of copyright protection, software can be easily distributed and installed. ANS:TPTS:1 12. Forces of nature, force majeure, or acts of God can present some of the most dangerous threats, because they are usually occur with very little warning and are beyond the control of people. ANS:TPTS:1 13. Much human error or failure can be prevented with training and ongoing awareness activities. ANS:TPTS:1 14. Compared to Web site defacement, vandalism within a network is less malicious in intent and more public. ANS:FPTS:1 15. With electronic information is stolen, the crime is readily apparent. ANS:FPTS:1 16. Organizations can use dictionaries to disallow passwords during the reset process and thus guard against easy-to-guess passwords. ANS:TPTS:1 17. DoS attacks cannot be launched against routers. ANS:FPTS:1 18. A mail bomb is a form of DoS. ANS:TPTS:1 19. A sniffer program shows all the data going by on a network segment including passwords, the data inside files—such as word-processing documents—and screens full of sensitive data from applications. ANS:TPTS:1 20. A timing attack involves the interception of cryptographic elements to determine keys and encryption algorithms. ANS:TPTS:1 MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 1. Intellectual property is defined as â€Å"the ownership of ideas and control over the tangible or virtual representation of those ideas. † _________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 2. The macro virus infects the key operating system files located in a computer’s boot sector. ________________________ ANS:F, boot PTS:1 3. Once a(n) back door has infected a computer, it can redistribute itself to all e-mail addresses found on the infected system. _________________________ ANS:F virus worm PTS:1 4. A(n) polymorphic threat is one that over time changes the way it appears to antivirus software programs, making it undetectable by techniques that look for preconfigured signatures. _________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 5. When voltage levels surge (experience a momentary increase), the extra voltage can severely damage or destroy equipment. ________________________ ANS:F, spike PTS:1 6. The shoulder looking technique is used in public or semipublic settings when individuals gather information they are not authorized to have by looking over another individual’s shoulder or viewing the information from a distance. _________________________ ANS:F, surfing PTS:1 7. Hackers are â€Å"people who use and create computer software to gain access to information illegally. † _________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 8. Packet kiddies use automated exploits to engage in distributed denial-of-service attacks. _________________________ ANS:F, monkeys PTS:1 9. The term phreaker is now commonly associated with an individual who cracks or removes software protection that is designed to prevent unauthorized duplication. _________________________ ANS:F, cracker PTS:1 10. Cyberterrorists hack systems to conduct terrorist activities via network or Internet pathways. _________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 11. The malicious code attack includes the execution of viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and active Web scripts with the intent to destroy or steal information. _________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 12. The application of computing and network resources to try every possible combination of options of a password is called a brute crack attack. _________________________ ANS:F, force PTS:1 13. One form of e-mail attack that is also a DoS is called a mail spoof, in which an attacker routes large quantities of e-mail to the target. _________________________ ANS:F, bomb PTS:1 14. Sniffers often work on TCP/IP networks, where they’re sometimes called packet sniffers. _________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 15. A(n) cookie can allow an attacker to collect information on how to access password-protected sites. ________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following functions does information security perform for an organization? a. |Protecting the organization’s ability to function. | b. |Enabling the safe operation of applications implemented on the organization’s IT systems. | c. |Protecting the data the organization collects and uses. | d. |All of t he above. | ANS:DPTS:1 2. ____ is an integrated system of software, encryption methodologies, and legal agreements that can be used to support the entire information infrastructure of an organization. a. |SSL|c. |PKC| b. |PKI|d. |SIS| ANS:BPTS:1 3. ____ are software programs that hide their true nature, and reveal their designed behavior only when activated. a. |Viruses|c. |Spam| b. |Worms|d. |Trojan horses| ANS:DPTS:1 4. Which of the following is an example of a Trojan horse program? a. |Netsky|c. |Klez| b. |MyDoom|d. |Happy99. exe| ANS:DPTS:1 5. As frustrating as viruses and worms are, perhaps more time and money is spent on resolving virus ____. a. |false alarms|c. |hoaxes| b. |power faults|d. |urban legends| ANS:CPTS:1 6. Web hosting services are usually arranged with an agreement providing minimum service levels known as a(n) ____. . |SSL|c. |MSL| b. |SLA|d. |MIN| ANS:BPTS:1 7. Complete loss of power for a moment is known as a ____. a. |sag|c. |brownout| b. |fault|d. |blackout| ANS:BPTS:1 8. Acts of ____ can lead to unauthorized real or virtual actions that enable information gatherers to enter premises or systems they have not been authorized to enter. a. |bypass|c. |trespass| b. |nature|d. |security| ANS:CP TS:1 9. There are generally two skill levels among hackers: expert and ____. a. |novice|c. |packet monkey| b. |journeyman|d. |professional| ANS:APTS:1 10. One form of online vandalism is ____ operations, which interfere with or disrupt systems to protest the operations, policies, or actions of an organization or government agency. a. |hacktivist|c. |hackcyber| b. |phvist|d. |cyberhack| ANS:APTS:1 11. According to Mark Pollitt, ____ is the premeditated, politically motivated attacks against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents. a. |infoterrorism|c. |hacking| b. |cyberterrorism|d. |cracking| ANS:BPTS:1 12. ___ is any technology that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge. a. |A bot|c. |Trojan| b. |Spyware|d. |Worm| ANS:BPTS:1 13. The ____ data file contains the hashed representation of the user’s password. a. |SLA|c. |FBI| b. |SNMP|d. |SAM| ANS:DPTS:1 14. In a ____ attack, the attacker sends a large number of connection or information requests to a target. a. |denial- of-service|c. |virus| b. |distributed denial-of-service|d. |spam| ANS:APTS:1 15. A ____ is an attack in which a coordinated stream of requests is launched against a target from many locations at the same time. . |denial-of-service|c. |virus| b. |distributed denial-of-service|d. |spam| ANS:BPTS:1 16. ____ are machines that are directed remotely (usually by a transmitted command) by the attacker to participate in an attack. a. |Drones|c. |Zombies| b. |Helpers|d. |Servants| ANS:CPTS:1 17. In the well-known ____ attack, an attacker monitors (or sniffs) packets from the network, modifies them, and inserts them back into the network. a. |zombie-in-the-middle|c. |server-in-the-middle| b. |sniff-in-the-middle|d. |man-in-the-middle| ANS:DPTS:1 18. The ____ hijacking attack uses IP spoofing to enable an attacker to impersonate another entity on the network. a. |WWW|c. |FTP| b. |TCP|d. |HTTP| ANS:BPTS:1 19. â€Å"4-1-9† fraud is an example of a ____ attack. a. |social engineering|c. |worm| b. |virus|d. |spam| ANS:APTS:1 20. Microsoft acknowledged that if you type a res:// URL (a Microsoft-devised type of URL) which is longer than ____ characters in Internet Explorer 4. 0, the browser will crash. a. |64|c. |256| b. |128|d. |512| ANS:CPTS:1 COMPLETION 1. A(n) ____________________ is an object, person, or other entity that represents an ongoing danger to an asset. ANS:threat PTS:1 2. Duplication of software-based intellectual property is more commonly known as software ____________________. ANS:piracy PTS:1 3. A computer virus consists of segments of code that perform ____________________ actions. ANS:malicious PTS:1 4. A(n) ____________________ is a malicious program that replicates itself constantly, without requiring another program environment. ANS:worm PTS:1 5. A virus or worm can have a payload that installs a(n) ____________________ door or trap door component in a system, which allows the attacker to access the system at will with special privileges. ANS:back PTS:1 6. A momentary low voltage is called a(n) ____________________. ANS:sag PTS:1 7. Some information gathering techniques are quite legal, for example, using a Web browser to perform market research. These legal techniques are called, collectively, competitive ____________________. ANS:intelligence PTS:1 8. When information gatherers employ techniques that cross the threshold of what is legal or ethical, they are conducting industrial ____________________. ANS:espionage PTS:1 9. The expert hacker sometimes is called ____________________ hacker. ANS:elite PTS:1 10. Script ____________________ are hackers of limited skill who use expertly written software to attack a system. ANS:kiddies PTS:1 11. A(n) ____________________ hacks the public telephone network to make free calls or disrupt services. ANS:phreaker PTS:1 12. ESD means electrostatic ____________________. ANS:discharge PTS:1 13. A(n) ____________________ is an act that takes advantage of a vulnerability to compromise a controlled system. ANS:attack PTS:1 14. A(n) ____________________ is an identified weakness in a controlled system, where controls are not present or are no longer effective. ANS:vulnerability PTS:1 5. Attempting to reverse-calculate a password is called ____________________. ANS:cracking PTS:1 16. ____________________ is a technique used to gain unauthorized access to computers, wherein the intruder sends messages with a source IP address that has been forged to indicate that the messages are coming from a trusted host. ANS:Spoofing PTS:1 17. ____________________ is unsol icited commercial e-mail. ANS:Spam PTS:1 18. In the context of information security, ____________________ is the process of using social skills to convince people to reveal access credentials or other valuable information to the attacker. ANS:social engineering PTS:1 19. The timing attack explores the contents of a Web browser’s ____________________. ANS:cache PTS:1 20. A(n) ____________________ is an application error that occurs when more data is sent to a program buffer than it is designed to handle. ANS: buffer overrun buffer overflow PTS:1 ESSAY 1. List at least six general categories of threat. ANS: Compromises to intellectual property : piracy, copyright infringement Software attacks : viruses, worms macros, denial of service Deviations in quality of service : ISP, power, or wan service issues from service providers Espionage or trespass : unauthorized access and /or data collection Sabotage or vandalism : destruction of system or information Forces of nature Human error or failure Information extortion Missing, inadequate, or incomplete Missing, inadequate, or incomplete controls Theft Technical hardware failures or errors Technical software failures or errors Technological obsolescence PTS:1 2. Describe viruses and worms. ANS: A computer virus consists of segments of code that perform malicious actions. The code attaches itself to the existing program and takes control of that program’s access to the targeted computer. The virus-controlled target program then carries out the virus’s plan, by replicating itself into additional targeted systems. A worm is a malicious program that replicates itself constantly, without requiring another program to provide a safe environment for replication. Worms can continue replicating themselves until they completely fill available resources, such as memory, hard drive space, and network bandwidth. PTS:1 3. Describe the capabilities of a sniffer. ANS: A sniffer is a program or device that can monitor data traveling over a network. Sniffers can be used both for legitimate network management functions and for stealing information from a network. Unauthorized sniffers can be extremely dangerous to a network’s security, because they are virtually impossible to detect and can be inserted almost anywhere. Sniffers often work on TCP/IP networks, where they’re sometimes called packet sniffers. A sniffer program shows all the data going by, including passwords, the data inside files and screens full of sensitive data from applications. PTS:1